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ndS(s�Support Eiffel-style preconditions and postconditions.

For example,

class C:
    def m1(self, arg):
        require arg > 0
        return whatever
        ensure Result > arg

can be written (clumsily, I agree) as:

class C(Eiffel):
    def m1(self, arg):
        return whatever
    def m1_pre(self, arg):
        assert arg > 0
    def m1_post(self, Result, arg):
        assert Result > arg

Pre- and post-conditions for a method, being implemented as methods
themselves, are inherited independently from the method.  This gives
much of the same effect of Eiffel, where pre- and post-conditions are
inherited when a method is overridden by a derived class.  However,
when a derived class in Python needs to extend a pre- or
post-condition, it must manually merge the base class' pre- or
post-condition with that defined in the derived class', for example:

class D(C):
    def m1(self, arg):
        return arg**2
    def m1_post(self, Result, arg):
        C.m1_post(self, Result, arg)
        assert Result < 100

This gives derived classes more freedom but also more responsibility
than in Eiffel, where the compiler automatically takes care of this.

In Eiffel, pre-conditions combine using contravariance, meaning a
derived class can only make a pre-condition weaker; in Python, this is
up to the derived class.  For example, a derived class that takes away
the requirement that arg > 0 could write:

    def m1_pre(self, arg):
        pass

but one could equally write a derived class that makes a stronger
requirement:

    def m1_pre(self, arg):
        require arg > 50

It would be easy to modify the classes shown here so that pre- and
post-conditions can be disabled (separately, on a per-class basis).

A different design would have the pre- or post-condition testing
functions return true for success and false for failure.  This would
make it possible to implement automatic combination of inherited
and new pre-/post-conditions.  All this is left as an exercise to the
reader.

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